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They were originally derived from Chinese 3-suited money cards (particularly the “Water Margin” type), and over time and distance the imagery on the cards developed into smaller, simpler, and more abstract forms, while retaining the original deck structure.
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“Ceki”[^spelling] probably originally referred only to a game played with the cards; the cards were referred to in Malay as <spanlang="ms">daun ceki</span> (‘ceki cards’).[^daun] More modern names used in Indonesia are <spanlang="id">kartu ceki</span>, <spanlang="id">kartu cilik</span> (‘small cards’ — European cards are ‘big cards’), <spanlang="id">kartu cina</span> (‘Chinese cards’), or <spanlang="id">kartu gonggong</span> (‘[<spanclass="noun"lang="jv-Latn">Gonggong</span>](games/balik-satu/balik-satu.md#gonggong) cards’).
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“Ceki”[^spelling] probably originally referred only to a game played with the cards; the cards were referred to in Malay as <spanlang="ms">daun ceki</span> (‘ceki cards’).[^daun] More modern names used in Indonesia are <spanlang="id">kartu ceki</span>, <spanlang="id">kartu cilik</span> (‘small cards’ — European cards are ‘big cards’), <spanlang="id">kartu cina</span> (‘Chinese cards’), or <spanlang="id">kartu gonggong</span> (‘[<spanclass="noun"lang="jv-Latn">Gonggong</span>](games/balik-satu/balik-satu.md#gonggong) cards’). They are sometimes also referred to as <spanlang="id">kartu jawa</span> (“Javan cards”) in other parts of Indonesia.
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[^spelling]: The spelling Cherki seems to be more common in Malaysia and Singapore. It can also be written <span class="noun" lang="id">Tjeki</span> in older Indonesian orthographies or <span lang="ms-Arab">چکي</span> in Jawi script. The word apparently comes from Amoy (Hokkien) Chinese <span lang="nan-Latn">chít ki</span> (<span lang="nan">一枝</span>),[@LoanWordsIndonesian p. 48] “one card”, perhaps referring to the pick-one/play-one nature of the most common Ceki games. A similar origin is suggested by @ChaquiAndPartui, who gives <span lang="nan-Latn">jī ki</span> ‘two cards’ (<span lang="nan">二枝</span>). @GamblingGamesOfMalaya gives the name as <span lang="nan">織箕</span> ‘weave baskets’ (<span lang="nan-Latn">chitki</span>) but I have not found this elsewhere; perhaps it is a phonetic back-formation. Other spellings I have seen include <span lang="id">cuki</span>,[@SomeImaginativeFunctions p. 72] <span lang="id">cekian</span>[@BaliHandbook p. 174] or <span lang="jv-Latn">tyekén</span>[@InPlaceOfSlavery p. 160] or <span lang="jv-Latn">sikiah</span>,[@JavaneseEnglish p. 679] or <span lang="ms">chĕki</span>.[@ChineseLoanWordsMalay p. 53]
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[^spelling]: The spelling Cherki seems to be more common in Malaysia and Singapore. It can also be written <span class="noun" lang="id">Tjeki</span> in older Indonesian orthographies or <span lang="ms-Arab">چکي</span> in Jawi script.[@CliffordMalay3 334] The word apparently comes from Amoy (Hokkien) Chinese <span lang="nan-Latn">chít ki</span> (<span lang="nan">一枝</span>),[@LoanWordsIndonesian 48] “one card”, perhaps referring to the pick-one/play-one nature of the most common Ceki games. A similar origin is suggested by @ChaquiAndPartui, who gives <span lang="nan-Latn">jī ki</span> ‘two cards’ (<span lang="nan">二枝</span>). @GamblingGamesOfMalaya gives the name as <span lang="nan">織箕</span> ‘weave baskets’ (<span lang="nan-Latn">chitki</span>) but I have not found this elsewhere; perhaps it is a phonetic back-formation. Other spellings I have seen include <span lang="id">cuki</span>,[@SomeImaginativeFunctions p. 72] <span lang="id">cekian</span>[@BaliHandbook p. 174] or <span lang="jv-Latn">tyekén</span>[@InPlaceOfSlavery p. 160] or <span lang="jv-Latn">sikiah</span>,[@JavaneseEnglish p. 679] or <span lang="ms">chĕki</span>.[@ChineseLoanWordsMalay p. 53] Another thing to note is that one 16th-century Chinese–Malay dictionary defines the Chinese <span lang="zh">棋</span> ‘game, chess’ with the Malay <span lang="zh">竹吉</span> (Mandarin: <span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhújí</span>), which one source suggests is <span lang="ms">ceki</span>,[@ChineseMalaccaMalay 734] but perhaps this is better understood as <span lang="ms">cuki</span>,[@ChineseLoanwordsSchlegel 404] “a kind of draughts-game with black and white stones.”[@Pijnappel I, 116]
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> [!todo]
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>
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> 1 card or _7 cards_? https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/48633257.pdf
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[^daun]: <spanlang="ms">Daun</span>, literally meaning ‘leaf’, is nearly equivalent in usage to the Hokkien <spanlang="nan">枝</span>, meaning twig or cards, or other long objects. Thus the full expansion of <spanlang="ms">daun ceki</span> is somewhat tautological, meaning “one-card cards”.
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The cards might also have been referred to in the past in Malay as <spanlang="ms">kiya</span>[^kiya] or <spanlang="ms">kiya-kiya</span>, meaning ‘fish’. This could refer to the fish symbology which is used on some decks of Chinese origin.
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The cards might also have been referred to in the past in Malay as <spanlang="ms">kiya</span>[^kiya] or <spanlang="ms">kiya-kiya</span>, meaning ‘fish’. This could refer to the fish symbology which is used on some decks of Chinese origin, or is actually derived from the Hokkien <spanlang="nan">枝仔</span> <spanlang="nan-Latn-pehoeji">ki-á</span>, “twigs”.[^cjk]
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[^kiya]: <spanlang="ms">Kija</span> or <spanlang="ms-Arab">كيا</span>[@Pijnappel p. 96] in older orthographies.
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[^cjk]: The name <spanlang="nan">十二枝仔</span> is also used for [Chap Ji Ki](games/chap-ji-ki/chap-ji-ki.md).[@ChineseLoanwordsSchlegel 397]
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[^kiya]: <spanlang="ms">Kija</span> or <spanlang="ms-Arab">كيا</span>[@Pijnappel II, 96] in older orthographies.
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Games that used these type of cards were originally played throughout the Malaysian Archipelago. They are also played amongst members of “reterritorialized” Indonesian Chinese communities within mainland China.[@BalineseChineseCommunity p. 555]
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@@ -89,7 +91,17 @@ Amongst [Kristang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristang_people) (or <span lang
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In Indonesia, Ceki games are still popular, especially in Sumatra, Java, and Bali, all of which have historically had a large Chinese influence. In Javanese the cards are also known as <span lang="jv-Latn">kertu cilik</span> (‘small cards’).[@JavaneseEnglish p. 365]
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During the colonial era, cards were manufactured in Europe by Dutch companies and exported to Indonesia. (See the [manufacturers](#manufacturers-brands) section below.) Ceki cards were also prohibited from being imported (from European manufacturers) into some areas, such as Sulawesi, “for reasons of public safety”.[@Title39_48 p. 1013]
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During the colonial era, cards were manufactured in Europe by Dutch companies and exported to Indonesia. (See the [manufacturers](#manufacturers-brands) section below.)
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From 1898 (and earlier?), Ceki was explicitly permitted (upon the purchase of a license for a gambling house) by the Dutch authorities.[@Staatsblad1898 23:2][^aswell]
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[^aswell]: Alongside “<span lang="nl">Soe Sik</span>” (Hokkien: <span lang="nan-Latn-pehoeji">sù sek</span>, [four colour cards](articles/cards/china/four-colour-cards/four-colour-cards.md)), “<span lang="nl">Khoa O</span>” (Hokkien: <span lang="nan-Latn">khòaⁿ ô͘</span>, [<span lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin" class="noun">Kànhǔ</span>](games/kanhu/kanhu.md)), “<span lang="nl">Tio Peh Hi</span>” (Hokkien: <span lang="nan-Latn-pehoeji">tiò pe̍h-hî</span>, [Fishing For Hairtails](games/fishing-for-hairtails/fishing-for-hairtails.md)), “<span lang="nl">Tsap O</span>” (Hokkien: <span lang="nan-Latn-pehoeji">cha̍p ô͘</span>), “<span lang="nl">Tshe Kam</span>” (?), and the European games [21](games/blackjack/blackjack.md) and [31](games/thirty-one/thirty-one.md).
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> [!todo]
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> See also a different list here: https://books.google.co.nz/books?id=gdsrAQAAMAAJ
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By the 1940s Ceki cards were prohibited from being imported (from European manufacturers) into some areas, such as Sulawesi, “for reasons of public safety”.[@Title39_48 p. 1013]
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> [!figure]
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</td>
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<td>
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<span lang="mcm">yoh</span>\
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(Hokkien <span lang="nan-Latn">io</span>)
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(Hokkien <span lang="nan-Latn-pehoeji">io</span>)
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</td>
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<td>
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<span lang="min">hiu/iyu</span> ‘shark’, looks like a fin
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Other games from Malaysia/Singapore, for which I have no rules, are:
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* Pak Tui, which is described as a solitaire game in @BabaMalayDictionary [p. 215]. This is probably also the Patui[^fn3] which is mentioned by Mayer[@BlikJavaansche_2 p. 499] and Matthes. The name might be from the Chinese <span lang="nan">八對</span> ‘eight pairs’ (Hokkien <span lang="nan-Latn">pat tùi</span>),[^fn4] in which case the game could be something similar to [<span class="noun" lang="jv-Latn">Tantanan</span>](games/balik-satu/balik-satu.md#tantanan).
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* Pak Tui, which is described as a solitaire game in @BabaMalayDictionary [p. 215]. This is probably also the Patui[^fn3] which is mentioned by Mayer[@BlikJavaansche_2 p. 499] and Matthes. The name might be from the Chinese <span lang="nan">八對</span> ‘eight pairs’ (Hokkien <span lang="nan-Latn-pehoeji">pat tùi</span>),[^fn4] in which case the game could be something similar to [<span class="noun" lang="jv-Latn">Tantanan</span>](games/balik-satu/balik-satu.md#tantanan).
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* Choke/Chote (Ramay), a game for more than four players[@BabaMalayDictionary p. 214]
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* Tongkeng, a game for two people[@BabaMalayDictionary p. 215]
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* Cho It and Chochot[@SomeNotesMalayCardGames p. 88] — could Chochot be the same as Chot or Thothit?
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[^fn3]: Patoei or <span lang="ms-Arab">ڤتوي</span>[@Pijnappel p. 58] in older orthographies, probably also equivalent to <span lang="rej-Latn">ptu’i</span> <span lang="rej">ꤶ꥓ꤳꥈꥆꥇ</span> in [Rejang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rejang_language).[@MaterialsRejang 92]
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[^fn3]: Patoei or <span lang="ms-Arab">ڤتوي</span>[@Pijnappel II, 58] in older orthographies, probably also equivalent to <span lang="rej-Latn">ptu’i</span> <span lang="rej">ꤶ꥓ꤳꥈꥆꥇ</span> in [Rejang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rejang_language).[@MaterialsRejang 92]
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[^fn4]: This possibility raised in @Morgenlandisch_2 [p. 572].
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title: Glossary of Games Terminology
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date created: 2024-12-22
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date modified: 2025-01-23
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date modified: 2025-02-22
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aliases: [Glossary of Games Terminology]
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linter-yaml-title-alias: Glossary of Games Terminology
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# Glossary of Games Terminology
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A group of cards in [Kànhǔ](games/kanhu/kanhu.md) is called an ‘eye’ (<span lang="zh">眼</span> Cantonese: <Pronounce lang="yue-Latn-jyutping" file="pronunciation_yue_眼.mp3" pronouncer="diniskachonchan">ngaan⁵</Pronounce>).[@CulinMahjong p. 156] In other games combinations are called called ‘ox’ (<span lang="zh">牛</span> Cantonese: <span lang="yue-Latn-jyutping">ngau⁴</span>).[@GamblingGamesOfMalaya p. 88] I wonder if both terms are derived by modifying ‘pair’ (<span lang="zh">偶</span> Cantonese: <span lang="yue-Latn-jyutping">ngau⁵</span>)?[@TonicDictionary p. 323]
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In Mahjong the ‘eye’ is the pair that is required to make a complete hand.
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The ‘eye’ terminology is also used in Malay (<span lang="ms">mata</span>).
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